All movement of water across the lining of the digestive tract involves which passive process?

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Water moves across the intestinal lining by osmosis, a passive process driven by osmotic gradients. As solutes are absorbed from the lumen into the mucosa and then into the blood, the side of the epithelium facing the lumen becomes relatively more dilute in solutes while the intracellular/blood side becomes more concentrated. Water follows this gradient, moving through the epithelial cells or between them to balance solute concentrations, without the need for energy. Filtration is pressure-driven and not the primary mechanism for water crossing the epithelium, diffusion of water is encompassed by osmosis in this context, and active transport would require energy, which isn’t involved in this water movement.